Table of Contents
8 Classical Dances of India
India, with its rich cultural heritage, is renowned for its classical dance forms that blend tradition, spirituality, storytelling, and art. Each classical dance of India has its unique expression, rhythm, costume, music, and storytelling technique. These dance forms are not just performances; they are a celebration of India’s history, values, and deep-rooted traditions.
In India, dance forms are classified into 2 categories – classical and folk dance forms.
Classical dance has a deep-rooted relationship with the Natya Shastra, where the specific features of each of the Classical dance forms have been mentioned.
Folk dance, on the other hand, emerged from the local tradition of the respective state, ethnic, or geographic regions.
Origin and History of Indian Classical Dance
Indian classical dances trace their origins back to ancient times, with their roots in Natya Shastra, a Sanskrit text written by Bharata Muni around 200 BCE to 200 CE. The Natya Shastra describes dance as a blend of expression (bhava), emotion (rasa), rhythm (tala), and movement (nritta). Most classical dances evolved in temples and royal courts, often performed as a form of worship or storytelling of mythological tales.
Over the centuries, these dance forms have evolved, yet they continue to maintain their traditional essence. Let’s explore the 8 classical dances of India recognized by the Sangeet Natak Akademi (India’s National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama).
In Indian classical dance, rasas are nine fundamental emotional states, or moods, that are expressed through dance. These rasas, also known as navarasas, are a core element of storytelling and are essential for conveying meaning and connecting with the audience. The nine rasas are: Shringara (love), Hasya (laughter), Karuna (sorrow), Raudra (anger), Veera (courage), Bhayanaka (fear), Bibhatsa (disgust), Adbhuta (wonder), and Shanta (peace).
1. Bharatanatyam
Origin: Tamil Nadu
Bharatanatyam is one of the oldest classical dance forms in India. Initially performed in temples by devadasis as an offering to the deities, Bharatanatyam is known for its fixed upper torso, bent legs, expressive gestures, and intricate footwork. It portrays stories from Hindu epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
2. Kathak
Origin: Uttar Pradesh
Kathak derives its name from Katha, meaning “story.” This dance form evolved through temple dances and later flourished in the Mughal courts. Known for its pirouettes, footwork, and rhythmic patterns, Kathak blends Hindu and Persian influences, often portraying tales of Krishna and Radha.
3. Kathakali
Origin: Kerala
Kathakali is a dance-drama known for its vibrant makeup, elaborate costumes, and face masks. It is traditionally performed by male artists and depicts stories from epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana through facial expressions, hand gestures (mudras), and body movements.
4. Kuchipudi
Origin: Andhra Pradesh
Kuchipudi combines fast rhythmic footwork, expressive eye movements, and dramatic storytelling. It originated in the Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh and was initially performed by male Brahmins as a dance-drama. Today, it includes both solo and group performances by men and women.
5. Odissi
Origin: Odisha
Odissi is known for its grace, sculpturesque poses, and devotional themes, especially those dedicated to Lord Jagannath. It is the oldest surviving dance form, often seen in the carvings of Odisha temples like the Konark Sun Temple. Odissi is deeply rooted in spiritual expression and temple rituals.
6. Manipuri
Origin: Manipur
Manipuri is a graceful and soft dance form that emphasizes devotion and spirituality. Unlike other styles, Manipuri avoids sharp facial expressions and hard footwork. The Raslila, depicting the love story of Radha and Krishna, is a popular theme in Manipuri dance.
7. Mohiniyattam
Origin: Kerala
Mohiniyattam, meaning “dance of the enchantress,” is a solo female dance form. It is characterized by gentle, swaying movements and emotive expressions. This dance form combines elements of Bharatanatyam and Kathakali and focuses on feminine grace and Lasya (delicate) aspects of dance.
8. Sattriya
Origin: Assam
Introduced by the Vaishnavite saint Srimanta Sankardev in the 15th century, Sattriya was originally performed in monasteries (sattras) as a means of devotion. It is a blend of drama, dance, and music, usually narrating stories of Lord Krishna and Vishnu.
Conclusion
The classical dances of India are not merely performances—they are profound expressions of India’s ancient culture, philosophy, and spirituality. Each form is a mirror reflecting the regional traditions, religious practices, and stories passed down through generations. By preserving and promoting these dance forms, we not only honor our rich heritage but also inspire future generations to cherish and continue these beautiful traditions.